基于多源数据的流域水平衡和水源涵养变化研究——以坝上高原小滦河流域为例
Research of basin water balance and water conservation variation based on multi-source data: a case study of Xiaoluan River Basin in Bashang plateau
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摘要:
水在海-气-冰-岩各圈层中运移完成水循环过程，但工业革命以来由于气候变化和人类活动影响，水资源收支不等造成水源涵养或亏缺存在空间差异。通过长期监测小滦河流域2001—2020年的气象、地表水文数据，定期实地调查地下水和土地覆被样本，搜集遥感反演的土壤水分资料，借助ETWatch模型估算实际蒸散，遥感反演土地覆被，运用水平衡公式核算小滦河流域降水、实际蒸散、径流、储变量之间的动态平衡关系，从土壤水和地下水2个角度分析水源涵养时空分布特征，以了解小流域水循环过程变化规律，解决水源涵养重点保护生态空间定位和水源涵养区的水资源管理问题。结果表明：2001—2020年降水以平均3.76 mm/a的速率增加，2001—2015年增长缓慢，2016—2020年快速增加，空间分布上呈现“东多西少”，最高值出现在流域东北部的塞罕坝机械林场。实际蒸散量以平均2.71 mm/a的速率增加，慢于降水的增加速率，2014年以后，高降水年的实际蒸散低于降水，水分被储存下来或用于其后的低降水年蒸散消耗，空间分布从上游到下游呈现“高—低—高”的空间格局，实际蒸散量表现为，湿地>林地>耕地>建设用地>草地>沙地裸地。径流以平均0.13 mm/a的速率减少，丰水期径流减小速率快于年径流，但枯水期的径流增加，“削峰补枯”效应明显。储变量虽为负值但以1.17 mm/a的速率增加，越来越多的水资源被涵养在土壤和地下；土壤水分以0.0018(m3/m3)/a的速率增加，上游多下游少，最高值出现在流域北部偏西的林草交错带，2010年以后，土壤水高值区从中游向下游扩展。地下水潜水位上升区面积远大于下降区面积，总体变化为稳中上升趋势，8—9月达到全年水位最高值。本文从综合调查监测的角度探索了小流域水平衡研究方法，为水资源综合管理提供支撑。
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关键词:
- 小流域 /
- 水平衡 /
- 水源涵养 /
- 实际蒸散 /
- 土壤水 /
- 地下水
Abstract:Water moves among sea, atmosphere, ice and lithosphere, which is described as water cycle or hydrology cycle.In the context of global change and anthropogenic influence since the industrial revolution, unbalanced relationship between input water and output water leads to water resource conserved or short, consequently spatial distributing variously.In this study, long time meteorology and surface water data were obtained from 2001 to 2020, groundwater and land cover were surveyed, soil water data from remote sensing retrieval were collected, and actual evapotranspiration data were generated by ETWatch model.All of these data were applied to water balance accounts in order to illustrate dynamic balanced relationship between precipitation, actual evapotranspiration, runoff and variable storage, as well as analyze water conservation distribution from viewpoints of soil water and groundwater, in order to understand hydrological process conversion, locate key protective ecological space and solve water resource management problems in water conservation zone.Results showed that in Xiaoluan River Basin: (1)Precipitation increased with a trend of 3.76 mm/a, slowly from 2001 to 2015 while fast from 2016 to 2020 and exhibited spatial variability, decreasing gradually from east to west, with the highest value in Saihanba Forest Farm located in the northeast of the basin.(2)Actual evapotranspiration increased with a trend of 2.71 mm/a, lower than that of precipitation.It was lower than precipitation in years with more precipitation, when water was reserved or supplied to evaporate and transpire in later years with less precipitation.The spatial distribution was characterized as "high-low-high" from upper to lower reaches.Actual evapotranspiration of wetland>forest>cultivated land>construction land>grass>sandy and naked land.(3)Runoff decreased with a trend of 0.13 mm/a.The decreasing rate of wet season was greater than that of the whole year, while it showed an increasing trend in dry season, certificating a significant "reducing flood peak and compensating for the drought" effect.(4)Variable storage increased with a trend of 1.17 mm/a in spite of negative value and more and more water resource were stored in the form of soil water and groundwater.Soil water increased with a trend of 0.0018(m3/m3)/a and exhibited spatial variability, decreasing from upper to lower reaches, with the highest value in the ecotone of forest and grass located in the west-north of the basin.Since 2010, high soil water zone stretched from middle to lower reaches.Groundwater maintained stable with a slight rise.The area of groundwater level rising zone was larger than that of falling zone, with high level from August to September.Researching method of water balance in small basin was explored at the view of integrated survey and monitoring, providing support for water resource integrated management.
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Key words:
- small river basin /
- water balance /
- water conservation /
- actual evapotranspiration /
- soil water /
- groundwater
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图 1 研究区地理位置、监测站及土地覆被
Figure 1.
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图 2 土地覆被遥感反演技术路线
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图 3 水平衡要素变化趋势
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图 4 年降水小波功率谱
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图 5 降水空间分布
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图 6 水平衡要素5年平均变化趋势
Figure 6.
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图 7 实际蒸散的空间分布
Figure 7.
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图 8 不同土地覆被的实际蒸散
Figure 8.
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图 9 丰水期和枯水期径流深变化趋势
Figure 9.
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图 10 储变量变化趋势
Figure 10.
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图 11 储变量5年平均变化趋势
Figure 11.
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图 12 土壤水分变化趋势
Figure 12.
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图 13 土壤水分空间分布
Figure 13.
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图 14 2017—2021年区域水位变化图
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图 15 2017—2021年水位变化曲线
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